Directions

• Pre-heat your espresso machine, portafilter, basket, and coffee cup
• Get your 20 grams of coffee in a single dose out of the freezer. If you are not single-dosing and freezing your coffee, read How to Store Coffee Beans - 9 tips. While at it, read Best Coffee Beans - Six Purchasing Tips. Shots of espresso these days are nearly always a double shot of espresso. Double shots are now the standard in America and many places worldwide. A single shot of espresso is very rare. Traditionally, a single shot (solo) of espresso uses about 7g of espresso-fine grounds. If you want to make a single, pull a double, but use a split portafilter to halve the shot for you.
• Use RDT by giving them a spritz of water and stirring them. This reduces static electricity, clumping, retention and waste and produces stronger flavours (read the paper).
• Grind your frozen coffee; do not defrost it. Using a dosing funnel, grind it into the right-sized basket in a naked portafilter.
• Puck prep: I use a WDT tool to break up clumps and redistribute them. I also use a levelling tool and a levelling palm tamper. Then, I cover it with a shower screen to help evenly distribute the water.
• Place scales under your cup and tare, and start the timer.
• Ramp up to 8 bar pressure. Pre-infusion (pause till first drip) is only required if the beans are super fresh (say within 2 days of roast) and are degassing so much that extraction is being affected - pretty unlikely, so you probably don't need it. Watch the bottom of the naked portafilter with a mirror, ease of momentarily if you see spritzing. Allow the pressure to decline to 6 bars to maintain a constant flow rate. Stop the shot when the target yield has been achieved. The extraction time should be roughly 30 seconds. If the shot runs very slowly despite high pressure, you need to grind coarser. If the shot has run too fast and you cannot maintain pressure, you need to grind finer.
• Now, the most important step. Before adding milk, stir the expresso and crema, and then taste the wet spoon (you don't need a spoonful). Is the coffee sour? If so, next time you make this coffee, extract more using the recipe indicated by the button above.
• If the coffee is not sour, ask yourself if it is very bitter. This is more difficult because all coffee is bitter to some extent. However, you can reduce bitterness by extracting less. Go too far, and it will turn sour. You are looking for the calm spot in between. Just above sour will taste the best. If you need to reduce bitterness next time you make this coffee, extract less by using the recipe indicated by the button above.
• Add the bypass hot water (optional). This reduces the blanket of milk and increases the apparent strength of the coffee while keeping the volume up.
• Add the steamed milk. Espresso con panna (whipped cream) may be a little OTT, but adding 5-10ml of cream to your milk before steaming can help get the texture right for that latte art and help make a perfect espresso.